Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States
The information in the brief version is excerpted directly from the full-text guidelines. The brief version is a compilation of the tables and boxed recommendations.
Entry and Attachment Inhibitors
Overview
Glossary of Terms for Supplement |
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Carcinogenic: Producing or tending to produce cancer
Genotoxic: Damaging to genetic material such as DNA and chromosomes Mutagenic: Inducing or capable of inducing genetic mutation Teratogenic: Interfering with fetal development and resulting in birth defects |
The antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in the entry inhibitor class inhibit viral binding or fusion of HIV to host target cells. When the viral envelope glycoprotein (gp) 120 binds to the CD4 receptor, it induces conformational changes that enable gp120 to interact with a chemokine receptor such as CCR5 or CXCR4 on the host cell. After gp120 binds to the co-receptor, subsequent conformational changes expose the fusion peptide of viral transmembrane gp41. The fusion peptide then inserts into the cell membrane. A helical region of gp41, called HR1, then interacts with a similar helical region, HR2, on gp41. The two helices zip together and mediate the fusion of cellular and viral membranes. Enfuvirtide, which requires subcutaneous (SQ) administration, is a synthetic 36-amino-acid peptide derived from a naturally occurring motif within the HR2 domain of viral gp41. The drug binds to the HR1 region, preventing the HR1-HR2 interaction and the correct folding of gp41 into its secondary structure, thereby inhibiting virus-cell fusion. Maraviroc is a CCR5 co-receptor antagonist that interferes with viral entry at the chemokine co-receptor level.
Ibalizumab-uiyk, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody, is a CD4-directed post-attachment HIV-1 inhibitor. Ibalizumab-uiyk blocks HIV from infecting CD4+ T cells by binding to domain 2 of CD4, thereby interfering with post-attachment steps required for viral entry and preventing viral transmission that occurs via cell-cell fusion.
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon, T-20)
Ibalizumab-uiyk (Trogarzo, IBA)
Maraviroc (Selzentry, MVC)
Download Guidelines
- Full Guideline PDF (3 MB)
- Recommendations Only PDF (211 KB)
- Tables Only PDF (388 KB)
Related Content
- AIDSinfo Drug Database
- AIDSinfo Patient Materials: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV
- AIDSinfo Patient Materials: HIV Medicines During Pregnancy and Childbirth
- AIDSinfo Patient Materials: Protecting Baby from HIV
- AETC National HIV Curriculum
- How to Cite These Guidelines
- Perinatal Guidelines Archive